| SOURCE:
The following information on this species is taken, in part, from the Plant
Conservation Alliance, Alien Plant Working Group, Weeds Gone Wild website at
http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/factmain.htm. Modifications include
additional pictures (from
http://webapps.lib.uconn.edu/ipane/browsing.cfm?descriptionid=93) and
resource information. Check the website links for future updates. The last
update for this fact sheet is March 28, 2005. |
NATIVE RANGE:
Japan, Korea and China
DESCRIPTION:
Wineberry, or wine raspberry, is a typical species in the genus Rubus, which
contains blackberry and raspberry. The name Rubus phoenicolasius translates as
"blackberry with purple hairs." The mature plant has long stems (canes) that
are upright and arching and covered with distinctive glandular red hairs and
small spines. The hairs give the canes a reddish color when seen from a
distance. Under favorable conditions, canes may grow to a length of 9 feet.
Leaves consist of three heart-shaped, serrated leaflets with purplish veins and
are silvery white tomentose on the underside. Small greenish flowers with white
petals and reddish hairs occur in Spring. The very edible raspberry like fruit
is bright red and ripens during June and July.
|
Photo: © John M. Randall/The Nature Conservancy
|
Photo: Leslie J. Mehrhoff, Univ. of Conn.,
Invasive Plant Atlas of New England
|
|
Photo: Leslie J. Mehrhoff, Univ. of Conn.,
Invasive Plant Atlas of New England
|
Photo: © John M. Randall/The Nature Conservancy
|
ECOLOGICAL
THREAT:
Wineberry is a vigorous grower and can form dense thickets covering large
areas, displacing many native plants in the process. Wineberry poses a threat
to the native plants that grow in forest, field, stream and wetland edge
habitats, open woods, and savannas and prairies.
DISTRIBUTION
IN THE UNITED STATES:
Wineberry is found from New England and eastern Canada south to North Carolina
and west to Michigan and Tennessee. It is considered an invasive plant of
natural areas in Maryland, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Virginia, North Carolina,
West Virginia, and the District of Columbia.
HABITAT IN
THE UNITED STATES: Like other members of Rubus, wineberry prefers moist conditions and
adequate sunlight. Many species of birds and mammals use the brambles for
nesting and shelter.
BACKGROUND:
Wineberry was introduced into the United States in 1890 as breeding stock for
new Rubus cultivars. It is used today by berry breeders to add specific
genes to berry varieties or species. Wineberry is an example of one man's
flower being another man's weed. Given containment, wineberry has desirable and
useful qualities, but due to its invasive nature, it is considered a
significant pest of agricultural and natural ecosystems. Wineberry has been
used as a virus indicator for raspberry yellow spot and wineberry latent virus
and numerous plant viruses have been isolated from it.
BIOLOGY &
SPREAD:
Wineberry reproduces by seeds, and through vegetative means including root buds
and the sprouting of new plants from where canes touch the soil. The drupes are
sought after and dispersed by various birds and mammals (including humans).
AUTHOR:
Neal R. Spencer, Entomologist, USDA/ARS, Federal Nutrition Lab, Ithaca, NY.
EDITOR:
Jil Swearingen, National Park Service, National Capital Region, Washington, DC.
For more information
on wineberry, please contact:
Invasive Plant Atlas of New England,
http://invasives.eeb.uconn.edu/ipane/
Marc Imlay, ialm@erols.com
Mid-Atlantic Exotic Pest Plant Council, Inc., http://www.ma-eppc.org
National Invasive Species Information Center,
http://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov
Neal R. Spencer, Entomologist, USDA/ARS, Federal Nutrition Lab. Ithaca, NY.
nrs23@cornell.edu.
Plant Conservation Alliance, Alien Plant Working Group, Weeds Gone Wild Fact
Sheets, http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/fact/pocu1.htm.
Plant Invaders of Mid-Atlantic Natural Areas,
http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/pubs/midatlantic/
The Bugwood Network, MA-EPPC Plant List,
http://www.invasive.org/maweeds.cfm
The Nature Conservancy Invasive Species Initiative,
http://tncweeds.ucdavis.edu/esadocs.html
USDA - NRCS PLANTS Database, http://plants.usda.gov/
Virginia Tech Weed Identification Guide,
http://www.ppws.vt.edu/weedindex.htm
REFERENCES:
Dendrology at Virginia Tech. 2001. Wine raspberry Rosaceae Rubus phoenicolasius
http://www.fw.vt.edu/dendro/dendrology/syllabus/rphoenicolasius.htm
Padley, Eunice, and Jan Schultz. 1998. Hiawatha National Forest. September,
1998 Listed noxious weeds and invasive non-native plants - Eastern Region,
USDA-Forest Service http://www.fs.fed.us/r9/weed/nox-weed.htm
Randall, John M. & Janet Marinelli Ed. 1996. Invasive Plants: - Weeds of the
Global Garden. Brooklyn Botanic Garden 21st-Century Gardening Series. Brooklyn,
NY.
Talt, Marge. Clearing Woods - Shrubs Part 4 - Brambles Part 1, by Marge Talt,
Gardening in Shade on Suite101.com
http://i5ive.com/article.cfm/shade_gardening/57038.
USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information
Network - (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory,
Beltsville, Maryland. Available:
http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?32416
Plant Conservation Alliance,
Alien Plant Working Group.
Management and
Control Information
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